Page 79 - 《社会》2025年第4期
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社会·2025·4

              critiques of the family. His early social鄄historical study of the system of mourning
              apparel approached the subject through the lens of power rather than moral values.
              In his later years, Tao reflected deeply on this and emphasized the“relativism”
              nature of the zunzun principle.
                  Tao’s intellectual evolution from constructing and then rejecting a systematic
              theory that interpreted the zunzun principle through paternal authority, significantly
              exposed the theoretical difficulties since the late Qing dynasty by excessively relying
              on power domination,especially the uncritical use of paternal authority to understand
              the“family” in Chinese society. Tao’s early interpretation of paternal authority was
              based on a static society. However, in his later years, despite affirming traditional
              family values, he did not recreate a new pastoral鄄idyllic static societal scene.
              Instead, he revealed the subtle tension and dynamic balance between the values
              and dominative dimensions of the “family.” This dynamic perspective suggests to
              contemporary researchers the inherent openness of the “family” in traditional
              Chinese society. It also offers valuable insights for understanding the spiritual
              underpinnings of the family in present鄄day Chinese society.
              Keywords:One鄄foundationism, mourning apparel, Tao Xisheng, family




                一、 引言:丧服学与“家”的丰富意涵

               普遍而言,“家”是社会的基本单元。 但不同文明对“家”的理解各不
           相同,由此形成了迥异的社会构造。“家”作为中国文明构成的总体性范
           畴,正体现着中国文明“对社会伦理、政治及其经济关系的建构,始终是
           从‘家 ’出 发 ,形 塑 家 国 一 体 的 秩 序 体 系 ” (肖瑛 ,2020:172)。 这 也 使
          “家”在中国社会中的意涵与范围极为丰富乃至模糊。费孝通( 2007:25)
           提出“差序格局”这一经典概念,正是为了解决“为什么我们这个最基本
           的社会单位的名词会这样不清不楚”的问题。 然而,“差序格局”在展现
           出丰富解释力的同时,也存在着内涵模糊的问题。许多学者注意到,“差
           序格局” 既没有明确的概念定义, 又缺乏深入的学理分析 (孙立平,
           1996;涂骏,2009;翟学伟,2009;周雪光,2024)。 费孝通(2007:3)本人亦
           坦言,“我是一面探索一面讲的, 所讲的观点完全是讨论性的”。 但将
          “差序格局”的模糊性完全归因于其探索姿态或是《乡土中国》的“散文
           风格”(孙立平,1996),这个观点略显片面。考虑到费孝通对中国社会中
          “家”的模糊性的关注,此问题可以理解为费孝通力图用“差序格局”概


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