Page 100 - 《社会》2022年第3期
P. 100
“鬼行贱业”的救赎与转型:新旧之交下的梅兰芳游美记
actively pursuing“instrumentalization” and“de鄄cmmodification”. At the same time, as
an unintended consequence of the “National Opera Movement”, Peking Opera became
China’s “National Opera”, shouldering the historical mission of carrying forward
traditional culture, a mission that was accomplished by adapting Western modern
artistic concepts to traditional Peking Opera. Through examples of modern intellectual
such as Qi Rushan and his transformative influence on Mei Lanfang and Peking Opera,
this study illustrated how modern intellectuals as the main force of this change used the
innovative concept of “combining Chinese and Western, integrating ancient and
modern” to make art a popular fashion across classes and countries, and to transform
traditional art with the lofty ideal of “saving the nation and promoting the glory of the
country”. In turn, Peking Opera has found a realistic balance between “art for art’s
sake” and “art for society’s sake”, and has become a popular art form enjoyed by
different classes and is simultaneously international and national. The reform history of
Modern Peking Opera provides guidance for us to explore the direction of“cultural
consciousness” today.
Keywords:Peking Opera, Chinese drama movement, Mei Lanfang’s tour to the
United States, modern transformation, cultural consciousness
一、 引言
1932 年,梅兰芳举家自北平迁居上海,正式与合作了 20 年的“梅
党要员”齐如山分道扬镳。而就在 2 年前,齐如山经过近 8 年的策划,最
终完成了一件对他们二人而言“划时代的事情”(齐如山,2014:213)。
1919 年, 因愤恨美国在巴黎和会上有损中国的利益, 美国驻华公
使芮恩施(Paul Reinsch)宣布辞职。 在时任北洋政府总统徐世昌举办的
饯别宴上,芮恩施提议邀请梅兰芳赴美演出,以沟通两国民众感情,促
进两国友谊。 其后, 梅党成员之一的叶恭绰将芮恩施的话转达给齐如
山,这激起了他极大的兴趣,他深感此举可以将梅兰芳推向国际社会,
亦可极大地发扬“国剧”事业。 从此,他开始策划梅兰芳赴美之旅。
彼时,饯别宴上的诸位宾客并没有像齐如山这般激动,大多觉得芮
恩施不过是在开玩笑。 不少人认为梅兰芳虽已成名,但尚不足以代表中
国赴美演出;此外,欧美民众在民国以前并不看中国戏,他们甚至以进
戏园子为耻(齐如山,2005:7)。 民国以后这种情况虽有变化,但“旧剧”
· 93 ·