Page 190 - 《社会》2021年第4期
P. 190
现代死亡的道德形构:社会想象与日常实践
patients’ suffering.“Life Quality” refers to the efforts by families to give as much
normality and enjoyment of life as possible to their terminally ill loved ones. In common
practices, both“Ordinary Medicine” and“Life Quality” act as default moral rationality,
and“Life Quality” particularly calls for the initiatives of the patient families.
“Life Quality” in practices illustrates the class distinction and structural inequality
of contemporary China at multiple levels from affluent families facing the moral
decision of prolonging life or ending suffering, to poor families facing the dilemma of
economic ruin and moral duty, to the everyday moral and economic decisions of
treatment and/or suffering, livelihood and/or dignity that the majority of ordinary
families have to face. All this helps shape a class differentiated picture of morality in
dealing with death that is “constant yet different” in contemporary China. Despite the
discrepancies in what and how to have life quality among the different classes, faith in
family has become a common value dependence. To have a good“family life” in its best
at the end of one’s life has become a shared normative moral practice in China,
reflecting the search for certainty of contemporary Chinese families in the great
uncertainty of social transformation.
Keywords:death,moral,social imaginary, class distinction, family
近年来,一种推崇“优逝”(good death)的话语开始在学界及社会上
兴起,与此同时,安宁疗护( hospice and palliative care)作为实现优逝的
1
制度载体也得到广泛宣传和推广。 典型的优逝说法如:“随着老龄化社
会的到来及社会文明程度的提高,人的全优生命质量系统工程,不仅需
要优生、优育、优活,而且还要优逝”(陈静、王爱平,2019:2792)。 安宁
1. 安 宁 疗 护 最 初 由 英 国 的 西 西 里·桑 德 斯 在 20 世 纪 60 年 代 首 创 , 以 独 立 的 宁 养 院
( hospice)形式出现,旨在为癌症晚期的病人提供整体照料。 随后,“优逝”与“尊严死”在
西方社会逐渐成为主流叙事。 到 20 世纪 80 年代, 安宁疗护逐渐以“缓和医疗”(palliative
medicine,另译为“姑息治疗”等)的形式被整合到西方国家的医疗体制与保险制度之中,
成为医院的常规配置。 进入 21 世纪,世界卫生组织呼吁向欧美以外的地区推广安宁疗
护。 中国大陆最早在 20 世纪 80 年代引进安宁疗护的理念,但并未发展壮大,直到最近
几年才再度开始较大规模的制度建设。 据原国家卫计委发布的《对十二届全国人大五次
会议 8189 号建议的答复》之定义,“我国将临终关怀、舒缓医疗、姑息治疗等统称为安宁
疗护”。 以上只是对安宁疗护这一概念的简要概括,更详尽的讨论可参见:方洪鑫,2020,
《安宁疗护中国实践的人文考察》,北京大学医学部博士后研究工作报告。
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