Page 158 - 《社会》2021年第1期
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different forms. Firstly, for the origin of society, it is the fear of the individual that
                   supports political power and gives the rise of political society. Secondly, for the origin of
                   moral virtue and politeness, it is the pride of the individual that leads to self鄄 discipline
                   and a civilized way of life. Thirdly, for the origin of economic prosperity, it is the
                   individual’s pursuit of luxury that promotes economic activities,which in turn
                   strengthens the power of the nation. A consistent idea of Mandeville’s maxim is to
                   artificially establish a “civil society” on the basis of men’s self鄄 love. The three
                   different forms of this “civil society” point to the triple meaning of the concept,
                   namely, political society (a unity of political power) , civil society (civilized social
                   relations)and bürglische gesellschaft(commercial life based on material exchange). It
                   represents a conceptual transformation from Hobbism and natural jurisprudence to
                   Scottish political economy and modern social science. An adequate appreciation of the
                   Madevillean maxim will benefit our comprehensive understanding of the relationship
                   between individuals, society and the state.
                   Keywords:self 鄄 love , pride , luxury , political society , civil society , bürglische
                   gesellschaft






                     一、曼德维尔格言:霍布斯与现代社会科学之间

                    如果说曼德维尔是近代政治和社会思想史上不可忽视的人物,那
                么他的美名与恶名在很大程度上都来自于那条惊世骇俗的格言:“私人
                的恶行,公共的利益”( private vices,public benefits)。 在 18 世纪的欧洲,
                随着贸易社会的逐渐成形, 政治形势和社会民情也有诸多变化。 一方
                面,物质资源的生产和动员对国家的战争能力起到日益重要的作用,经
                济活动开始成为国家政策的焦点, 一些国家为了争夺贸易主导权而陷
                入猜忌和竞争;另一方面,由于社会财富的积累和贸易活动的频繁化,
                对奢侈和精致生活方式的追逐成为世俗 上 层 社会 的 普 遍 风 气 , 克 己
                ( self-deny)、节 俭(frugality)、热 心 公 共 事 务(public-spiritedness)等 传 统
                美德渐趋边缘化。 对于许多深受传统观念影响的当时人来说,这一局面
                无疑意味着政治和道德上的双重腐化(corruption)(波考克,2013;洪特,
                2016)。就在此时,曼德维尔格言的提出堪称石破天惊。在许多同时代人
                看来,曼德维尔是有意识地利用霍布斯和“基督教詹森派”( Jansenists)


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