Page 105 - 《社会》2024年第6期
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社会·2024·6

              interpersonal oppression and the loss o f one’s true nature. Rousseau provides
              different cures for the “natural man in civilised society”(Emile) and for the
              citizens. To make Emile a moderate property owner,Jean鄄Jacque limits the moral
              and social effects of private property with the logic of natural necessity,and then
              cultivates Emile’s universal love of humanity through the systematic restraint of
              amour鄄propre. As a consequence,Emile is a gentle property owner with a balance
              between natural“unsociability” and benevolent“sociable sociability”. To construct
              a moderate society,the scope of private property must be determined by natural
              necessity,the general will must be obeyed by the individual citizen,the relationship
              between the individual and the community must be used to block interpersonal
              comparisons,and economic policies to control the polarisation of the rich and the
              poor must be carried out. Such a society could be termed as “a society without
              sociability”. In sum,Rousseau’s political economy is distinct from mainstream
              contemporary liberalism,socialism and liberal egalitarianism,and remains an
              important inspiration for understanding inequality today.
              Keywords:Rousseau,private property,amour鄄propre,sociability,political economy






                一、 从“私有财产悖论”到“商业社会解释”

               就现代思想而言,私有财产制度通常被视为文明社会的根本支柱。
           在洛克的自然法学说里,私有财产是与生命和自由并重的自然权利,政
           府的首要职责在于对其加以保障( Locke,1988)。 在苏格兰启蒙思想家
           的政治经济学中,财产权是人类社会性(sociability)的结晶,集中体现了
           个体以自利为出发点的广泛互惠( reciprocal utility),人们在此基础上实
           现劳动分工和技术进步,最终进入繁荣的商业文明(Smith,1981)。 在黑
           格尔的法权哲学体系内,私有财产是人格的外化和抽象法权的起点,不
           仅使个体的自由得到承认,也为市民社会奠定了基础( Hegel,1991)。 直
           至今日,无论是新自由主义者(neoliberalist)、制度主义者还是马克思主义
           者, 社会科学家们仍然将产权制度看作资本主义市场经济和现代国家的命
               1
           脉。 毫不夸张地说,私有财产支撑着人们对现代政治经济体系的想象。
           1. 新自由主义者的经典论述参见米塞斯(2015)和哈耶克(2000)的著作。 制度经济学派
           的论述参见奥尔森(2018)和诺思(1981)的研究。马克思主义者的分析尤其参                (转下页)


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