Page 62 - 《社会》2023年第3期

“无家可归”的孤儿与作为天职的科学

of Weber’s texts， this paper finds that， contrary to Strauss’s assertion， in his
sober analysis of the protestant in terms of the historical analysis of rationalization，
Weber describes Calvinist Puritans as an image of homeless orphan. The meaningful
structure within this image is similar to “schizophrenia”， but it is understood by
Weber as a relationship of innere Verwandtschaft. This image and its corresponding
structure are further clarified in Weber’s later comparative study on civilization
between China and European civilization. Similarly， this homeless orphan image of
protestant and the corresponding structure are also in his works on the methodology
of social science， and become the required ethos of science， especially for
sociology as he understood it. This“understanding” resonates with modern society，
modern university system and the production of modern knowledge. It has its origin
in its own civilization. Finally， this paper argues that Weber’s understanding of
science and vocation， reflected in his lecture on Science as a Vocation， has this
image of homeless orphan and structure of affinity as its essential inner substance.
From the comparative perspective of home and homeless， this paper argues
that， in Weber’s thoughts， there is an intrinsic affinity between the image of
homeless orphan and science as a vocation. Studies on this affinity offer an
important clue for us to understand Weber’s thoughts and to reflect the subjectivity
building of China’s social science.
Keywords：home， homeless， orphan， vocation， science

一、“无家可归”的孤儿与理性化的“沉郁”气质

（一）韦伯研究中的“无家孤儿”判断
西方政治哲学家列奥·施特劳斯（Leo Strauss）在关于其求学经历的
自述中说，在听了海德格尔的课程之后，他发现，与“海德格尔相比，此
前一直都被我视为科学与学者精神之化身的马克斯·韦伯，成为了一个
孤儿”（ Strauss，1989：3）。 施特劳斯的这段话本意是说海德格尔对于西
方 思 想 史 的 深 刻 理 解 以 及 在 此 基 础 上 给 西 方 带 来 的 “思 想 革 命 ”
（ Strauss，1989：3）。 然而，这一“孤儿”的说法还意味着另外一种批评。 在
《自然权利与历史》一书中，施特劳斯（ 2006：4）开篇便指出，韦伯的社
会科学方法论由于拒绝对于重要价值问题的讨 论 而 不免 陷 入 虚 无主

· 55 ·