Page 87 - 《社会》2022年第6期

社会·2022·6

have the same ideological depth and height just as the rational tradition of the West.
It became the source of the persistence of these private relationships in the process
of modernization. Consequently， the Chinese have much more complex emotional
principles besides power and interests when dealing with political various
relationships. In politics， the inner emotional principle of political ethics，
dominated by the monarch鄄subject ethics， was mainly the principle of ZunZun and
righteousness. These two dimensions maintained and adjusted the specific patterns of
monarch鄄subject relationship in the political order. On the one hand， in a
hierarchical political structure， the monarch and his subjects should appropriately
express their respect for each other in accordance with different rank positions; on
the other hand， the moral code of emperor鄄subjects dictated that when the monarch
became insolent and failed to abide by morality， out of self鄄respect his subjects
could withdraw their support. This emperor鄄subject ethics with the emphasis on the
righteousness of ZunZun， pondered and refined by Confucian sages， was condensed
into the gigantic ritual system and it shaped the mental structure of the Chinese
people. Although this relational ethics is difficult to be fully realized in history and
reality， it still has a fundamental impact on the Chinese political order.
Keywords：governmental behavior， monarch and ministers， QinQin， ZunZun，
benevolence

一、 引言

不论直观的经验观察还是学术上的讨论， 我们都能发现中国政治
运作中的一些明显特点。 诸多学者指出，非正式制度、非正式关系弥散
在政府运作的各个领域与环节。学者们将之归纳为“非正式运作”“非正
式行 为 ”“变 通 ”“潜 规 则 ”等 一 系 列 概 念（孙 立 平 、郭 于 华 ，2000；周 雪
光，2008；王汉生、刘世定、孙立平，1997；吴思，2009）。 这些研究多少受
到了以韦伯为代表的西方理论框架的影响， 以现代科层制中的正式制
度、正式关系为参照来观察中国政治秩序的特征。 以此为参照，中国政
治秩序的特点集中体现为非即事、 人格化的关系在政府运行中发挥着特
别重要的作用，而且基于西方的理论视角往往暗含着批判色彩，认为这
些政治特点是传统的遗留，其中的“关系”大多围绕着私人的权力和利
益来运作。

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