Page 39 - 《社会》2022年第3期

社会·2022·3

name system distributes the mandatory obligation of grain tax and drafted labor within
house units. This grants each household incomplete right that combined subsistence
needs and the symbolic capital. The house name system also designates subordinate
people to a specific community， land， and house for the political purpose of“separate
and rule”. In this respect， the house name system acts like a local domicile system
（“Hukou”）originated from the feudal hierarchical society ruled by the chieftain“Tusi”.
However， on the other hand， the assemblage of blood鄄relations across house units
retains the “pre鄄feudal” tradition of mutual assistance in Maine’s sense， allowing the
practice of marriage and succession from one generation to the next to potentially
converge the divisions exacerbated by chieftains， so that the family can achieve old鄄age
support and young鄄age dependence through mutual assistance. Following the rules of
obtaining and changing of the house name is to a large extent the habit of participating in
the construction of political norms under the feudal hierarchy. Therefore， the house
name system is neither a continuous replication of the“ideal model” of the kinship
system， nor does it necessarily cause complete destruction of the kinship system， but
makes a great use of the customs based on the principle of cognatic descent succession
and “no marriage in the same house”， to serve the political purpose of controlling the
migration of the population， managing grain taxation and military forces. The dialectical
tension intertwining the two forces of political鄄governance logic and kinship鄄mutuality
practices around the house can provide us with a new perspective for understanding the
relationship between people and their houses.
Keywords：house，house name，political management，cognatic kinship，mutual support

一、引言

四川嘉绒藏区房名制度的发现和研究代表着“家屋社会”（house
society）这种社会组织形态在中国西南山区的确认，房名制度的社会理
论 价 值 也 随 之 凸 显 。 20 世 纪 70 年 代 中 期 ， 列 维—斯 特 劳 斯（Claude
Lévi鄄Strauss）提出“家屋”[house（maison）]的概念来理解世界上某些其基
本 单 元 既 不 是 家 庭（family）也 不 是 宗 族（clan）或 世 系（lineage）的 社 会
（ Lévi鄄Strauss，1987：151）， 他的想法后来被关注房屋、 亲属制度的人类
学 家 概 括 为“家 屋 社 会 ” 理 论（Carsten and Hugh鄄Jones，1995；Joyce and
Gillespie，2000）。 嘉绒藏区的房名制度之所以能围绕“家屋”来理解和阐
释，主要是因为自可考的土司时代起，房名及房名下的土地与房屋以不

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