Page 134 - 《社会》2022年第2期

精神分析与战争经验

later psychoanalytic theory. More importantly， the War constitutes the main thread of
Introductory Lectures’ vision and theoretical development. War experiences seem to
rekindle the ideological origin of psychoanalysis and force the author to explore the
deeper world of human nature. This study focuses on Freud’s idea of war and the general
experience of modern people. Taking Introductory Lectures on Psycho鄄Analysis as the
core text， combined with Freud's other major works in his early and late stages， the
paper attempts to answer the following three questions: First， what kind of human
primitive experience can be restored by psychoanalysis as philosophy or “the first
philosophy” in the perspective of war? Second， what does psychoanalysis as sociology
reveal about the everyday state of human beings? Third， when psychoanalysis as a“re鄄
education” theory intervenes in daily experience， what difficulties will it encounter， and
what kind of educational art will it develop? In Freud’s thought， psychoanalysis as the
first philosophy exposes the conflicting self with various intentions in the state of war，
and gradually reveals the self’s Eros and the instinct of death. On this basis，
psychoanalysis as sociology presents the face of war in daily life and its essence of
entanglement and conflict between human erotic instinct and death instinct. Finally，
psychoanalysis as a new educational theory helps guiding Eros and restraining death
instinct by pointing out the limits， conditions and future hopes of modern education.
Keywords：war， the daily state， Eros， the instinct of death， re鄄education

一、 导言：战争与精神分析

不论古代还是近代的西方政治或社会理论传统，大体以实现和平
秩序为最终皈依。 古代哲人亚里士多德指出，“人是政治的动物”，人建
立政治社会是为着最高的善业。 随着古代和中世纪目的论世界图景的
衰落，近代政治哲学倾向于反对个体自然即政治人的预设，如霍布斯
的自然状态学说呈现了政治状态尚未形成或 瓦 解 之 后 人 人 为 敌 的 悲
惨情形，但他仍然承认，人能因畏死这一根本的激情激发起理性能力，
通过订立契约建立国家，通过制定并遵循实定法维持政治秩序。 18 世
纪以来的政治和社会理论总体上延续着霍布斯的思路，直到 20 世纪初
弗洛伊德创立精神分析学说，此前的思想传统被彻底颠覆，从人本身
到人类文明的尊严，统统遭受史无前例的打击，借用拉康（2001:383）的
话来说，“人的真正中心不再是在人道主义的传统所指出的地方了”。

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