Page 104 - 《社会》2021年第4期

“打黑工”：经济理性与道义生存的困境

case of “illegally working” assembly fitters in a tobacco equipment factory. The“Scott鄄
Popkin” perspective of economic rationality and moral survival is applied as theoretical
framework in this study. The study finds that the combination of market competition and
bureaucratic control allows economic monopoly such as the tobacco industry that， in
turn， breeds an underground industrial chain. The monopolistic and underground
industries constitute unequal competition in production and redistribution， leading to
monopolistic entities using institutional resources and public powers to prohibit
underground entities. In response， underground entities work on small scales and short鄄
term and flexible production process to improve their “exit” ability. The codependence
as well as competitiveness between the two economies lead to inevitable business crisis
at the end of production cycles once the SOEs lose monopoly protection， and skill
mismatch crisis for workers. State employed workers who are unwilling to seek work in
job market often take risks to “work illegally” with underground entities for higher
returns， and in so doing help resolve the skill matching problem. This behavior can be
rationalized as moral survival and market necessity. However， in essence， the
phenomenon is the continuity of the elimination process of outdated technology and
production organization， and a gain鄄loss struggle between the interests of the state，
enterprises and workers. It lacks either the logic purpose of economic rationality or the
legitimate basis of moral survival. The economic rationality and moral existence of Scott鄄
Popkin’s perspective constitute a dilemma of antinomy. The case examined here shows
that under a monopoly system， the choice made by the SOEs workers is not just from
their own initiatives but also is forced by the external institutional structure. How to
have economic rationality coexist with moral existence， to make a “win鄄win” outcome
between the state， enterprises and workers， and to realize social co鄄governance， it will
not only be a test of the survival wisdom of the workers but a priority agenda of
government policy makers and administrators.
Keywords：monopoly economy，underground economy，“illegally work”，“Scott鄄
Popkin” perspective， tobacco industry

中国的产业工人在市场化转型的过程中， 存在两个不同的分化方
向：一是成为劳动力市场中的被雇佣者，二是下岗成为失业者。 前者意
味着工人阶级的“再形成”，后者则是工人阶级身份的“消解”（刘建洲，
2009）。 然而，市场并不像新自由主义和经济学教科书里宣称的那么平

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