Page 194 - 《社会》2020年第6期

single mothers than for married ones; it increases for both groups of women over the
period. However, the rate of change is much faster for single mothers, and thus the
difference between the two groups in motherhood penalty has narrowed gradually over
the time；（3） The long-term effect of motherhood penalty is normally less weighty than
the short-term effect, however, it has grown at much quicker rate over the years than
the latter. In more recent years, these two effects are almost the same；（4） The higher
the education level of women, the lower the motherhood penalty. However, as the
penalty had intensified over the period, the difference among different educational
levels has decreased；（5） Motherhood penalty for female employees in the non -state
sector is greater than that of female employees in the state sector. The effect of the
penalty on female employees in the non -state sector has increased rapidly, while the
change has remained slow in the state sector, resulting in a widening gap between the
two sectors. This study shows that the dramatic social and economic change in recent
decades has placed women under greater and greater maternal responsibilities but has
rewarded them disproportionately fewer benefits of the economic development.
Keywords：motherhood penalty， earnings， women， employment

一、引言

在过去 30 年，中国已从计划经济体制转变为市场经济体制。 伴随
着社会的逐渐开放和经济的高速增长， 居民的工资收入也出现较快增
长。 根据国家统计局公布的数据，中国城镇居民的名义人均可支配收入
由 1989 年的 1 373 元上升至 2019 年的 42 359 元，年均增长 12.1%。 随
着收入的快速增长，居民的收入差异也开始显现，例如，收入的地区差
异、城乡差异、行业差异、性别差异等，这一类研究都已取得丰硕成果。
在性别收入差异的研究中，学者往往从人力资本、职业性别隔离、性别
歧视等劳动力市场的角度出发研究性别不平等的影响因素（ Gustafsson
and Li，2000；Li and Gustafsson，2008； 李春玲、 李实，2008； 王天夫等，
2008；吴愈晓、吴晓刚，2009；李实等，2014；贺光烨、吴晓刚，2015；卿石
松，2019）。 近年来，已有部分研究从工作—家庭冲突的角度解释劳动力
市场的性别不平等问题。 这些研究表明，家庭是影响女性收入和劳动参
与的重要因素。在女性群体中，在婚女性（尤其是在婚母亲）是收入和就
业 上 劣 势 的 主 要 承 受 者 （ Maurer鄄Fazio and Hughes，2002；Zhang，et al.，

· 187·