Page 216 - 《社会》2026年第2期

何以共有：闽西客家宗族型村庄的房产观念与实践

ancestral hall and residence accom modates both ritual and residential functions
through a spatial layout characterised by a central axis symmetry and a courtyard
complex. Inheritance practices that maintain unity amid division鄄such as cross鄄
allocation and communal use鄄have enabled the long鄄term coexistence of property
co鄄ownership and individual possession. The Land Reform of the 1950s dismantled
lineage organizations and lineage communal property, redistributing many landlord
properties to poor and lower鄄middle peasants with formal title registration. However，
since the Reform and Opening鄄up in the 1980s， accompanied by the revival of
ancestral worship practices， these households have gradually sold the properties
back to the descendants of the original landlord families， leading to a reversion of
house property toward the traditional logic of lineage and family co鄄ownership.
Comparative case analysis reveals that the combination of “actual possession”
（ physical control） by descendants of the original landlord families and“virtual
possession”（symbolic presence） by ancestors in the ancestral hall constitutes the
crucial mechanism for reclaiming ancestral property and serves as an anchor for the
restoration of co鄄ownership. Only when the integration of hall and residence is
achieved鄄that is， when property co鄄owners simultaneously constitute a worship
community aligned with the lineage structure鄄can a sense of complete ownership be
attained， thereby ensuring the continuity of possession and the consolidation of
ownership. This finding challenges the linear presumption of “possession leads to
private ownership” in Western jurisprudence， demonstrating instead that possession
can function as a precursor to communal ownership rather than privatization. The
study suggests that understanding rural property rights in China requires attention to
the ontological value of housing， and that modern property institutions may
accommodate traditional co鄄ownership wisdom at the legal level.
Keywords：house， co鄄ownership， possession， lineage， Land Reform

一、 从共有到私有？ ———占有转换范式及其在房屋实践
中的分殊

共有常被认为是“纷争之源”，因为它较不稳定且难以维系，许多立
法者甚至主张避免共有（周枏，2014；鲍尔、施蒂尔纳，2004）。 的确，历史
上曾有诸多共有制度，但大都趋于瓦解，逐步让位于分开的、个体的所
有权。 梅因（ 2009）（Henry Maine）认为，更原始的财产状态是共同所有
权，如印度和俄罗斯的村落共产体皆为亲族集团共有领地且不可分割。

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