Page 168 - 《社会》2022年第6期
P. 168

丧礼相声与民国时期京津平民的社会关系运作

                   and Tianjin still attached great importance to the ritual gradation based on blood
                   relation, manifested in stipulating everyone’s status and behavior standards in
                   accordance  with  blood  relation  ethics.  By  analyzing  funeral  crosswalks
                   (Xiangsheng) that reflected the urban culture of Beijing and Tianjin of the period,
                   this paper argues that due to the dominant presence of migrant population, the
                   pressure of family opinions gave way to the more tolerant community public
                   opinions. Facing the shortage of blood relatives to carry out the normative procedure
                   of ritual gradation, people began to embrace outsiders and strangers into the core
                   circle of differentiated association of their mourning system. In this process, the
                   operational logic of social relationship relied on “the distinction between
                   righteousness and gains”, reflected as “friendship” and “taking advantage”. In
                   the absence of blood relatives, the“friendship” based on“righteousness” enabled
                   outsiders and strangers to enter the core circle of the differential mode of
                   association, while “taking advantage” meant not only the pursuit of self鄄interest,
                   but also the process where in the outsiders and strangers could adjust their positions
                   appropriate to the differential mode of association.
                   Keywords:the operation mode of social relations,urban culture of Beijing and
                   Tianjin in Republic of China, funeral Xiangsheng, the differential mode of
                   association




                    一、 导论

                    (一)人口流动下社会关系运作的本土经验
                    中国人的社会关系如何结构、 如何运作是社会学本土化的重要命
                题之一, 有关这一问题的讨论大多建立在费孝通先生于民国时期提出
                的 差序 格 局 概 念 之 上 。 差 序 格 局 的 基 础 是“安 居 的 乡 土 社 会 ”(费 孝
                通 ,2015:35),“安居”在于“不流动”,“这是一个‘熟悉’的社会,没有陌
                生人的社会”(费孝通,2015:4、6)。
                    宋明以降,在政治、经济等因素的合力作用下,于明清的江南、近代
                的大城市等一些具体时空范围中, 人口流动一定程度上打破了熟人社
                会的格局。 由此,社会关系的运作方式势必会发生变化。 聚焦于人口流
                动所带来的社会变迁,张继焦( 2004)提出了差序格局由“乡村版”走向
               “城市版”的命题,在 20 世纪 80 年代开始出现的外出就业浪潮中,“每


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