Page 117 - 《社会》2021年第6期
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社会·2021·6

              and Shamanistic religion. He examined the binary structure in the kinship system of
              Shang royal family, and regarded it as a form of primitive classification that formed the
              Shang Civilization. He believed that shaman worship as a primitive form of religion with
              consistent cosmology not only survived the Three Dynasties but played a determinant
              role in politics, religion and culture. Though inspired by some ideas from religious
              studies, Chang’s view on Shamanistic religion had far more relevance to the idea of
             “total social fact” in Marcel Mauss’Essai sur le don,in that Chang embraced Mauss’
              thinking of religious on tology and social totality. Therefore, Chang’s studies drew
              heavily from Durkheimian conceptualization of elementary forms. Chang’s argument
              about ancient civilizations echoed that of the L’Année Sociologique’s, which attached
              importance to normative forces, social totality, and civilizations in plural. It is suggested
              that Chang’s comparison between continuous and discontinuous civilizations can be
              seen as an archaeological expression of his understanding of the rupture of modern
              China.
              Keywords:Kwang鄄chih Chang, L’Année Sociologique, primitiveness, civilization






                一、 引言:文明研究的觉醒

               现代汉语的“文明”是一个外来词,译自英文单词“Civilisation”,词
           根为“Civil”,源于拉丁语的“Civis”,有“(城中)公民”之义。 如果在印欧
           语系中上溯,或可寻得“躺”“床”等与居所有关的意象。 故“文明”的初
           始意涵大抵是公民浸染其中的“先进风化”, 与城邦外的“野蛮人”对
           立 ,缪 勒( Max Müller)(1989)的 比 较 语 言 学 研 究 便 有 此 意 味 。 不 同 的
          “圈”也可以各有风化,而不必说谁先进谁落后。 莫斯等(2010:62)有感
           于此,故认为“文明”可以中性地指代一个“圈”中的“集体表象”。 后一
           种理解同时强调了文明的“规范性”与“多元性”,值得提倡。
               因文明具有所谓社会“集体表象”的呈现方式,故社会学史中有颇
           多文明研究的源流,在此仅试举几例。 涂尔干( Emile Durkheim)等“社会
           学年鉴学派”学者视宗教为社会的规范性力量,为探求其本源,将视域
           扩至世界诸文明的历史(渠敬东,2018);韦伯(Max Weber)基于欧洲经
           验搭建了普遍的分析框架,又用“家”的意象把握其他文明的性格,以此
           构建了“传统主义”与“普遍主义”间的反差(肖瑛,2020);费孝通晚年


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