Page 134 - 《社会》2021年第4期
P. 134

社会性的扭曲与重塑:卢梭的自尊学说

                   inequality, of the state of nature becoming the state of war, as well as the root of human
                   sufferings and misfortunes of the civilized world. However, Rousseau agrees that
                   amour鄄propre cannot be eliminated and can only be guided and reshaped. The“citizen
                   plan” embodied in Social Contract and other political works, and the “man plan”
                   elaborated in Emile represent respectively Rousseau’s two different proposals of
                   reforming amour鄄propre. In a deliberate contrast of pride and vanity, Rousseau
                   confronts modern bourgeois with ancient citizens. In his views, correctly guided pride
                   towards the public self is an important driving force for the shaping of civic virtues. The
                   education of Emile, with its aim of returning to nature and cultivating an independent
                   individual, can be regarded as another solution to the problem of amour鄄propre. In this
                   plan, the passion that plays the main therapeutic role is pity. Egalitarian consciousness
                   contained in pity helps Emile to foster a proper amour鄄propre. From Hobbes to Hegel,
                   in the process of re鄄recognizing and taming human pride,modern thinkers have unfolded
                   their theory of human nature, on which moral, political and social projects are founded.
                   Rousseau’s doctrine of amour-propre constitutes an important part of this endeavor.
                   Keywords:passion,amour鄄propre,pride,vanity







                    卡西勒(2009)从自然和文化的冲突与调和角度对卢梭著作的统一
                性进行了论证,但争论并未平息。 斯塔罗宾斯基(2019:24)认为,卢梭的
                著作存在种种异质的设想和方案,其风格从恢弘庄严到田园遐想,也是
                变化不定的, 从思考主题或思想线索的统一性去理解卢梭著作是徒劳的,
                                   —
                只能从“意向的统一”——保卫或修复透明性———来解释其一致性。 施
                克拉( Shklar,1969)也重新挑起了个人主义与集体主义对立的问题,她
                认为卢梭的著作中存在两种对立的理想: 纯粹的自然人和纯粹的社会
                人,前者存在于《论人与人之间不平等的起源和基础》(以下简称《论不
                平等》)所描述的自然状态,并构成爱弥儿所要“模仿”的原型,而后者
                是《社会契约论》要塑造的公民,其历史模型存在于斯巴达和罗马。 自尊                             1


                1. 关于 卢梭 的自尊(amour -propre)的 概 念 , 国 内 有 许 多 其 他 译 法 , 如“自 私 心 ”“虚 荣 ”
                “属己之爱”等,也有学者建议译为“自恋”(汪炜,2015)。 可以确定的是,amour-propre 与
                骄傲和虚荣接近但不同,后者源于它,是它的发展形态。 与自私的区别在于,它指向(常
                常是他人眼中的)自我形象或自我价值,是带有反思性质的,而自私通常是一(转下页)


                                                                          · 127·
   129   130   131   132   133   134   135   136   137   138   139