Page 121 - 《社会》2021年第2期
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社会·2021·2
and the Black is undoubtedly an epoch鄄making pioneering work. From Friedrich
Nietzsche’s instinctive revolution to Jean鄄Paul Sartre’s existential revolution, Julien
Sorel’s conquest story in The Red and the Black has always played the role of archetype.
For Nietzsche and Sartre, Stendhal is not only the originator and contemporaneous
person of the spiritual revolution in Europe in the 19th century, but also the forerunner
of the times. With the increasing rigidity of European civilization, Julien’s conquest
story inspires later thinkers to break the iron cage and constantly reconstruct their
modern self鄄consciousness and self鄄attitude towards society, history and civilization.
As a result, The Red and the Black never loses its reference value to social theories and
cultural studies. With this in mind, the author offers a close examination of Julien’s
epic journey of conquest against the background of the 19th century Europe, and a
recognition of a possibility of renewing our own life as illustrated by Stendhal.
Keywords:Julien Sorel, conquer, will to power, imagination, history, god
一、引言:《红与黑》的普遍意义
自伊波利特·泰 纳(Hippolyte Taine)以 来 ,文 学 评 论 界 习 惯于 将 司
汤达赞许为“近代心理小说之父”,在其所有作品中,《红与黑》的主角
于连·索雷尔无疑是读者最熟悉却又最难解的人物。 可以说,“一千个
人眼中有一千个哈姆雷特”这句名言也适用在于连身上。 人们常用伪
善、自尊、虚荣、野心勃勃等词语刻画他的性格特质,同时,当读者读到
他不顾一切地冲破森严的阶级界限,却在人生即将到达顶峰处主动选
择坠落时,常常既唏嘘不已,同时又困惑于他的结局:于连为什么要这
样做?
对此, 英国作家毛姆就曾毫不客气地指出于连性格与命运之间的
矛盾,甚至直言此乃《红与黑》的败笔:
他(于连)凭冲动行事,我们知道司汤达过分崇拜热情的
冲动行为,这很好;可是我们从小说开头就看见于连的力量正
在于他具有强大的自制力。 他的热情、羡慕、憎恨、自尊、虚荣
—
从未主宰他, 而其中最强烈的激情——情欲———也跟司汤达
本人一样,与其说是迫切的欲望,不如说是虚荣的满足。 在书
中的紧要关头,于连做了小说里最要命的事:他的行事跟性格
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