Page 72 - 《社会》2026年第4期

个体与集体之辩：莫斯论法国社会主义中的总体性

“collectivity” upon individuals，and by abolishing freedom within the economic
sphere through collective norms and organization，this project of social transformation
could not，in Mauss’s view，bring about the society it envisioned. Instead，it
produced a modern state characterized by social disintegration. The fundamental
reason，Mauss contends，is that this project failed to recognize the economy as a
total social fact： to negate the economy is simultaneously to negate society itself.
This rejection also presupposes an opposition between the individual participating in
free exchange and the collective conceived as the bearer of moral authority. Yet the
individual and the collective are not necessarily opposed. Within the framework of a
total symbolic system，individuals are able to enter into relations with others
voluntarily without necessarily being subsumed into the collective，and the two
therefore always retain the possibility of mutual integration and transformation.
Accordingly，the society envisioned by Mauss is not a coercive organizational order
grounded in a collective morality that negates the individual. Rather，it is a total
social configuration that treats the collective’s value orientation as a spiritual fact
while simultaneously preserving the space and boundaries of individual freedom.
Politically，this vision finds its expression in the form of French socialism endorsed
by Mauss. Only such a socialism，he argues，can establish forms of collectivity while
avoiding the political dangers inherent in coercive social organization，thereby
making a flourishing social life possible.
Keywords：totality，French socialist thought，cooperative，the Russian Revolution

一、 引言：“新社会”还是“现代国家”？

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马塞尔·莫斯（Mauss，1924）在《布尔什维克主义的社会学鉴析》（下
文简称《鉴析》）的开头抛出了这样的问题：“革命者自己所说的这场实
验对俄国社会走向新的社会生活形式（ nouvelles formes de vie sociale）有
何限制？ ”后文中，莫斯的判断是：“他们强加给俄国人民的不是一个新
社会（ société nouvelle），而 是一 个 现 代 国家（魪tat moderne），一 个 俄 国 国
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家（ 魪tat russe）。 ” 接着，莫斯又追问道：它的结果在多大程度上让我们

1. 莫斯于 1923 年底至 1925 年针对俄 国革命（1917—1923 年）创作了 一 系列政 治文 章 ，
《布尔什维克主义的社会学鉴析》一文作为“结论”相对完整地总结了这一系列文章的研
究内容，这篇文章对于这场革命的评析也最为集中。
2. 莫斯《鉴析》一文所限定的俄国革命的时间范围大致从克伦斯基时期到列 （转下页）

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