Page 9 - 《社会》2026年第3期
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社会·2026·3
endogenous phenomena such as the expansion of informal institutions, selective
implementation, campaign鄄style governance, ambiguous subcontracting, and
organizational distortion. The paper also examines the implicit conditions under
which the triangle holds鄄including technological limits, organizational absorption
capacity, agent behavior, risk externalization, and legitimacy resources鄄and
identifies potential pathways for reconfiguration, such as technological innovation,
extraordinary mobilization, and organizational restructuring. By distinguishing
between ex ante and ex post uncertainty management, it reveals a fundamental
divide between bureaucratic and subcontracting logics. Finally, the paper argues
that China’s governance system, under conditions of rigid targets, resource
constraints, dispersed information, and high risk externalities, has evolved into a
hybrid structure: bureaucracy as the institutional base, subcontracting as the
operational engine, and externalized organizational forms as complementary
absorbers. This configuration enables governance to remain viable under structurally
impossible conditions.
Keywords:Governance Impossibility Triangle, Administrative Subcontract,
Rational Bureaucracy, modern corporate governance, uncertainty management
一、 引言
组织治理研究长期面临一个反复出现却始终难以彻底化解的理论
—
困惑:那些在实践中被视为“合意”的治理原则——刚性、挑战的绩效目
标,统一、严格的规则约束,以及纪律严明的预算与资源控制,往往难以
同时成立。 当组织试图在同一时刻强化目标问责、规则合规与资源约束
时,治理结果未必会带来效率的提升或秩序的改善,反而常常表现为形
式主义、策略性执行、非正式制度扩张乃至系统性失灵。
这一现象广泛存在于不同的组织形态。 公共部门在强调绩效考核
与财政纪律的同时推进合规改革, 往往会诱发基层治理过载与隐性执
行。 例如,近年来,随着治理重心的下移,在强化目标责任的同时,上级
政府对基层政府的监管力度也在不断提高,从而导致基层负担超载(吕
德文,2022);大型企业在强化合规监管与业绩压力而不相应增加资源投入
时 , 就 容 易 出 现 数 据 造 假 和 指 标 操 纵 问 题( Roychowdhury,2006;Kedia
and Philippon,2009);历史上的官僚国家在资源有限的条件下还要维持
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