Page 159 - 《社会》2026年第3期

社会·2026·3

participation and routinized participation; in terms of motivation， they are shaped
by two major orientations： relationship development and social reproduction. The
former emphasizes intimate companionship， emotional compensation， and the
cultivation of parent鄄child relationships， while the latter points to child training，
intergenerational expectations， paternal authority， and the reproduction of family
divisions of labor. By cross鄄analyzing practice forms and motivational structures，
the article identifies four ideal types of fatherhood: ritual鄄symbolic fatherhood，
affective鄄assistive fatherhood， strategic鄄conservative fatherhood， and institutionalized鄄
companionate fatherhood. These four types show that the transformation of
fatherhood does not necessarily involve a simultaneous shift in both the forms of
involvement and the motivations behind them; rather， there may be a decoupling
between the two: occasional participation may stem from a desire for closeness，
whereas regular involvement may serve to continue shaping and disciplining children
and maintaining existing family roles. The study further finds that the child’s
gender influences a father’s decision鄄making logic， resulting in a differentiated
distributions of fathering styles between father鄄son and father鄄daughter pairs. The
article thus argues that the transformation of fatherhood is not a linear process from
absence to participation， but rather an internally differentiated process generated
through different combinations of participation forms and action motivations.
Understanding contemporary fatherhood practices therefore requires moving beyond
whether fathers are present or how much they participate， and it must further
examine the logic by which fathers enter the parenting arena.
Keywords：fatherhood， sport鄄based fathering， practice forms， motivational structures，
Typology

一、 问题的提出

随着现代育儿理念的逐渐普及，父亲正在更多地进入“育儿现场”。
无论是在家庭生活、 公共话语还是学术研究中，“参与型父亲”“陪伴型
父亲”“新父职”等概念都在不断强化同一个判断：当代的父亲已不只是
家庭经济供养者，他们也在成为子女成长过程中的照料者、陪伴者和情
感回应者（ Dermott，2008；Burnett，et al.，2013；王向贤，2019；何绍辉，2020；
高修娟，2021；王亮，2022）。 因此，父亲是否会参与育儿过程似乎已不再
是主要的问题，更关键的问题是：父亲究竟以什么方式参与育儿过程？

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