Page 122 - 《社会》2025年第5期

恩义之间：行动伦理视角下的师徒关系研究

moral exchanges grounded in shared values define the ethical dimension of“En”.
This ethical relationship manifested in mourning rituals through the practice of three鄄
year period of“mourning with the heart” .The master鄄apprentice relationship
exhibits remarkable flexibility in China’s historical records: on the one hand， while
quasi鄄familial phenomena were commonplace in Chinese society, written norms
lacked explicit standards for such a relationship， rendering it exceptionally
adaptable compared to other social relations. On the other hand， the master鄄
apprentice relation had appeared intermittently throughout historical records， with
its visibility generally correlating with the prominence of Confucian thought
movements outside official institutions. This flexibility stem from the subjectivity
with which actors perceive bonds of obligation and gratitude. Unlike foundational
Confucian relationships such as father鄄son or monarch鄄subject， the master鄄
apprentice relationship lacked objectively defined criteria. It was not anchored in
clear blood ties or contractual agreements， consequently， the ritual system was
incapable of imposing rigid and one鄄size鄄fits鄄all rules. Instead， it preserved a
foundation of basic etiquette while allowing actors to express sentiments based on
subjective emotions. This dual鄄dimensional perception of affection （En） and
righteousness（Yi） continues to shape contemporary Chinese interpersonal interactions.
Keywords：master鄄apprentice relationship， patriarchal feature， mourning apparel，
righteousness（Yi）， ethics of social actions

一、 中国学徒制的宗法性：有待溯源的社会关系

“学徒制”（apprenticeship） 是劳动研究讨论职业与技能时特别关注
的现象，它是指这样一种技能和知识传授方式：在技能培训中，以口传
身授为核心特征， 同时伴随相对明确的师生结对关系和培训时间起止
点，在部分情况下，培训双方还会签订学徒契约，明确各自的责任范围
（彭南生，2003：196-203）。
学徒制关联了经济机会与技能转移，具有社会理论意义。 经典社会
理论从政治经济学视角批判学徒制的现实形态。 例如，马克思认为，西
方近代的工场学徒制在实质上是一种剥削， 学徒工“还完全不是真正
的、独立的劳动者，而是按照家长制寄食于师傅”（马克思、恩格斯，2009：
149）。 在有些地方，学徒具有介于奴隶和自由人之间的劳工身份，要与师傅

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