Page 124 - 《社会》2025年第1期

“公”、进化论与社会主义：孙中山塑造革命学说过程的再审视

revolutionary doctrines， which he selectively absorbed from different angles before
and after the Republican Revolution. Socialism was also introduced into Sun’s
ideological system as a force for the “evolution of moral civilization” to counterbalance
the role of evolutionary theory and constituted a key element in his advocation of the
principle of Mínsheng （people’s livelihood）. This article argues that these three
factors not only enable us to locate the meaning of “Gong” in a long term and
broader perspective， but also result in a complex and intertwined structure of Sun’s
thought， which is characterized by distinctive personal characteristics. The paper
also argues that there is an inherent tension between “Gong”， evolutionary theory
and socialist doctrine. On the one hand， the combination of the three ideological
elements formed a new structure of state鄄revolutionary party鄄revolutionaries， which
enabled individuals to position themselves in the grand historical mission and
inspired young people to devote themselves to the revolution. However， Sun’s
emphasis on political leadership since the Constitutional Protection Movement
ultimately risked undermining the notion of the“Gong”， and the failure of the new
revolutionaries to fully realize their subjectivity as a result of this over鄄emphasis on
the society as a whole became a distant cause of the rupture of the Nationalist鄄
Communist collaboration.
Keywords：Sun Yat鄄sen，“Gong”， evolution theory， socialism

一、 绪论：追寻“公”的不断革命

回顾近代中国经历的诸多变革， 长期奔走于政治和社会变革漩涡
中心的孙中山是无法被绕开的关键人物。 但是，正如不能仅以孙中山去
理解中国社会诸多领域所经历的变革那样，只通过辛亥革命、国民革命
等历史事件来理解孙中山， 同样容易忽视其思想及其所处时代的关键
信息。 孙中山（ 2015b：425）在《国事遗嘱》中呼吁，“现在革命尚未成功，
凡我同志，务须依照余所著《建国方略》《建国大纲》《三民主义》及《第
一次全国代表大会宣言》，继续努力，以求贯彻”。 这表明，将革命视为
生平第一事的孙中山所毕生致力的革命活动始终“尚未成功”。 若想全
面理解孙中山参与和领导的革命活动的设想与源流， 不能仅就革命事
件本身来讨论，思想史层面的讨论也是非常必要的。
孙中山题写的“天下为公”概括了其学说的特点。 一般而言，“公”的

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