Page 218 - 《社会》2023年第2期

家庭背景与教育：婚姻中地位交换的性别与时期差异

This paper uses the 2018 Chinese Family Panel Study and applies log鄄linear
models to analyze the gender and period differences in marriage across social origin
and education boundaries from 1978 to 2018. The results show that persons with
higher education but humble family backgrounds tend to marry those with lower
education but more privileged backgrounds. This supports the status exchange
theory. In addition，data from 1978 to 1991 show that it was more common that
women exchange their relative educational advantage for men’s relative birth
advantage. In all，the exchange tendency has intensified over time，and this
increase is more reflected in the exchange of men’s educational advantage for
women’s class advantage. However，the intensity of women exchanging their
relative educational advantages for men’s relative birth advantages shows a trend of
first decreasing and then increasing. At the same time，the gender differences in the
degree of status exchange faded over time. With the decrease in the number of
children overall and the increase of one鄄child families，China’s marriage culture
has gradually shifted from patrilineal marriages to “dual lineage” marriages，which
may be an important reason for the gradual convergence of the influences of male
and female family backgrounds in the marriage market.
Keywords：status exchange，assortative mating，gender，periods

一、 引言

先赋性因素和自致性因素对个体生活机遇（如求职和择偶）影响的
相对重要性变化， 表征着社会结构开放性的变迁 （Blau and Duncan，
1967）。 择偶不是随机的过程，一般而言，个体倾向于选择与自身社会经
济地位、文化资源相似的伴侣。在工业化、现代化过程中，表征个体社会
经济地位与文化资源的主要因素由先赋性因素（如家庭背景、种族等）
转 变 为 自 致 性 因 素 （如 教 育 、 职 业 技 能 等）（ Blau and Duncan，1967；
Treiman，1970）， 以教育为代表的自致性因素相比以家庭背景为代表的
先赋性因素在择偶过程中的重要性逐渐凸显 （Ultee and Luijkx，1990；
Kalmijn，1991；齐亚强、牛建林，2012）。 社会开放论认为，工业化所伴随
的城市化、更广更快的地理流动、社会福利水平的提升、大众传媒的渗
透以及社交圈的扩展，降低了父母对子女婚姻选择的控制能力，自由恋
爱的观念深入人心，这不仅削弱了家庭背景对个体择偶的影响，而且减

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