Page 70 - 《社会》2022年第3期

“孙子比老人大”： 阿卡礼中的祖孙关系及其扩展的亲属世界

Akha patrilineal family emphasises the two鄄way hierarchical structure of“elderly’s
priority” and “grandchildren’s superiority” under the concept of good fortune and
family continuity. The elderly, for being the foundation of bringing up the offsprings，
command special respect and status. The grandchildren， for carrying on the family line，
define the blessed status of the elderly. Through ancestor worship in praying and healing
rituals， the young generation with their new life and vitality bring strength and longevity
to the old generation. Therefore， they deserve to be superior to the elderly.
This model of mutual hierarchy is epitomized in the so鄄called“shuanxianli”
（thread鄄tie）ceremonial ritual hosted by grandchildren for their grandparents. This gift鄄
giving ceremony can only be done with the understanding that both the giver and
receiver are superior on their own rights. The elderly is at the top of the hierarchy to
receive the “gift”. And the grandchild is the only person in the hierarchy who can bless
the elderly with this life “thread”. Such a framework of the mutual superiority between
grandchildren and grandparents expands itself from families， kinships and villages， and
ultimately constructs a broader hierarchical social world. Multiple hierarchical
differentiations， like generation， gender， habitation， consanguinity and affinity， etc.，
are interacting in this ritual process. Male is taken superior to female among the same
generation， yet female is in higher position than male across generations， such as
granddaughter is superior to grandfather. Consanguinity is more important than affinity，
and fellow villagers have closer relationship with each other than with those from outside
the village. This not only reflects the different significance of male/female offspring and
affinity for family continuity， but also expresses the spirit of mutual assistance，
solidarity and integration within the multi鄄surname village communities. This paper
contributes to the discussion on hierarchy， gift exchange and family.
Keywords：grandparents鄄grandchildren， differentiation， blessing， family， hierarchical
relations

一、引言：人群关系的等级性

1
2013 年元旦，亦是孟连阿卡的新年“嘎汤帕”， 家家户户都要煮糯
米饭舂粑粑。我赖在小寨阿么奶奶家，和女人们一起忙活。其间，阿么奶
奶拿了一块刚做好的粑粑给小孙女阿布然吃。 儿媳见状笑了，跟我说：

1.“嘎汤帕”的时间基本与元旦重合。 2012 年 12 月 31 日至 2013 年 1 月 4 日是 2013 年
的“嘎汤帕”，共持续五天。

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