Page 165 - 《社会》2022年第1期

社会·2022·1

and socialism”， this study deals successively with the links between his theory and
socialism， individualism， the political doctrine of Montesquieu. It provides a framework
for understanding his political doctrine: drawing on Montesquieu’s doctrine of
intermediate bodies， Durkheim injects the principle of individualism into Saint鄄Simon’s
socialism to solve the practical problems of liberalism in France since the Revolution，
and thus incorporates the economic life of modern society into the political issues.
This paper further argues that Durkheim extends the political sphere from a pure
theory of government to the totality of society with the aim of taking the latter as the
primary problem of modern politics. In other words， in order to shift the issues of
modern politics from the limitation of government forms and the pure construction of the
legal system， Durkheim regards the social sphere as an overarching category that
unifies all the problems of modern politics. It is only within this framework his political
theory can be properly understood.
Finally， the paper also points out that Durkheim does not deny the primacy of
politics and the status of politicians， and the legacy of his political theory with
civilizational and holistic overtones is far from being fully explored.
Keywords： political art， general sociology， society， counterpoise

一、 引言

即便涂尔干不被视为社会学“去政治化”的重要推动者，也会被认
为是 这 一 思 想 倾 向 的 典 型 代 表 。 正 如 雷 蒙·阿 隆（2015：13、274、362、
370）所言，涂尔干与他所传承的孔德学派之立场一样，用社会的重要性
来贬低政治和经济。 或者说，涂尔干所代表的社会学主义对社会结构或
社会基础的重视要甚于政治秩序，他对真正的政治机制并不感兴趣，因
为在他看来，所谓的议会、选举和政党制度都是社会的表面，并不服从
严格的法则。 用他自己的话来说，战争、条约、法院、议会阴谋和政治家
们的行为不过是些技巧，并不源于任何确定的法则，更没有表达出社会
组织最深层的构成要素，“即使这些法则存在， 它们也是最难发现的”
（涂尔干，2020f：421）。 因此，涂尔干（2020f：449）从未在自己的社会科学
分类体系中给政治社会学以位置，也未谈及诸如官僚制、政党、权力等
现 代 政 治 的 核 心 议 题（ Lukes，1982：18 -23；Müller，1993：93；Oliveira，
2010）。

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