Page 9 - 《社会》2021年第1期

社会·2021·1

family， but because of his special role as the regent for his nephew King Cheng, he also
easily became a scapegoat. Second， the Warring States scholars’ writing showed that
the Duke’s regency had caused a great controversy in political philosophy at that time.
Third， in his annotation of The Mental 鄄bound Coffer and The Owls， Zheng Xuan
portrayed the Duke as a moral exemplar， emphasizing on his susceptibleness of being
made of a scapegoat but much more so on his strong character to overcome adversaries.
On the whole， the stories of Socrates and the Duke are the result of a transformation
from collective scapegoating to individual one. Socrates lived an “aloof” life， but his
life style was difficult to be accepted by Athenians who did not develop an Indian
“renunciation”. However， unlike ancient Greeks，“retirement/seclusion” was popular
philosophical position and political gesture in ancient China. To counter the image of
the Duke as a tirannos， Zheng Xuan highlighted his political retirement（of seclusion），
not once but twice in his writing. Through his annotation， Zheng praised the Duke’s
extraordinary political and military achievements and established him as a moral
exemplar in Chinese history， and all this was accomplished through the Duke of Zhou’s
own poems as well as those written for him by others.
Keywords：The Duke of Zhou， scapegoat， anti-scapegoat， substitute， exemplar，
retirement

周公是对中国历史影响最为深远的“圣人”之一，其地位、身份和形
象不仅关系到“殷周革命”，更关系到诸子百家之政治理想，更不用说，
直到 20 世纪下半叶，仍然是中国政治话语中的一个抢眼的形象。 诚如
有论者所言，“身处‘家天下’的皇权帝制中，摄政王周公注定要扮演特
殊而难为的历史角色”（彭美玲，2013：44）。 所以，周公的个人事迹一直
是历史研究中的重点，如周代王制、制礼作乐等，无不相关，也自然成为
聚讼之焦点。即便是像钱穆（ 2011：1）这样的笃信古史者也不由感叹，其
“事迹之详细，已不能知。 ……而其间异同真伪，混淆错杂，殊难捕捉其
真相。……惟虽系传说，真伪未审……”。与以前以“本事”考证为主的研
究相比，近些 年 来 ，诸 如 周公的多 重 形象（ Nylan， 2010；史应 勇 ，2016；
Meyer， 2017; Huang， 2018）、 天子与王 （刘伟，2020）、“天命论”（黄玉
顺，2020）等问题都有相当的拓展。 随着新材料如清华简的发现与整理，

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