Page 128 - 《社会》2021年第1期
P. 128

level of authorities. The discussion of this image competition is placed within the
                   context of the Chinese bureaucratic petition system. Focusing on a xinfang case over
                   demolition and relocation that lasted for several years in Ping town, Sichuan province,
                   the study examines petition letters and official documents of the case and describes the
                   competitive image making between the land鄄lost farmers and the local government. The
                   study finds that xinfang itself is a process of“storytelling” and the key to successful
                   narratives lies in situational judgment and image making. The social traditions, the
                   petition system, and the political environment are structural elements that are used by
                   petitioners and the government to shape an“compound image” of all the parties involved.
                   This“image making” in xinfang makes it difficult to solve substantive problems and
                   promote institutionalization of the system, and in fact, it may have increased the
                   burden of local governance. Finally, this article also offers a discussion on the
                   theoretical implication of the “image making” perspective.
                   Keywords:xinfang,grassroots governance,symbolic interactionism,image making,
                   narrative sociology






                     一、引言:法国的赦罪书与中国的上访信

                    1529 年的夏季,一位名为托马·曼尼的法国贫苦农夫杀死了他的妻
                子克罗迪娜·居扬。 按照 16 世纪的法国律令,他本该被捕入狱,接受死
                刑的惩罚。 但在当时的法国,还存在一种皇家赦免制度,可以让那些认
                为自己的过错“非预谋或情有可原”的戴罪之人通过撰写赦罪书的方式,
                请求得到国王和法官的赦免。 因此,赦罪书的质量攸关生死。 在曼尼的
                赦罪书中,他写道,自己向来“品行端正、待人诚恳”,对妻子也是“真诚
                而体贴”,但是他那“行为放荡而邪恶”的妻子居然频频偷情,而且她的
                情人还嘲弄、威胁甚至砍伤了曼尼。 于是,在一次盛怒之下,他才失手杀死
                了妻子。 通过撰写赦罪书,曼尼幸运地得到了皇家的恩典和宽恕。
                    这个故事出自史学家戴维斯( 2015:1-3)的笔下,她将这些散见于
                法国档案之中的赦罪书整理后展开研究。 赦罪书作为一种混合文类,是
               “一份说服国王和法院的司法申请, 一份关于某人过去行为的历史陈
                述,同时也是一个故事”。这使得它具有某种被制作、塑造以及被修饰的
               “虚构性”。 它通过栩栩如生的讲述带来某种道德上的真相 (戴维斯,


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