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社会·2025·5
thereby achieving a conclusion of social history over extended periods. In The
Communist Manifesto, Marx refined this methodology through his historical analysis
of “class”. By critiquing Pierre鄄Joseph Proudhon, Marx began to consider how to
apply dialectics to political economy. Thus, Marx developed a more refined
methodological framework for his historical sociology—“Dialectics of Phenomena in
History”—whereby any existence is historically generated, and entities in the
process of generation can only approximate the factuality of existence through
continuous “sublation” (“Aufhebung”) within the historical process. When
confronting different analytical objectives, one must first establish distinct historical
phenomena according to dialectical logic. When confronting historical phenomena
serving different cognitive purposes, one must select distinct causal analysis
strategies. In response to the critique of Capital, Marx made further, albeit
unfinished, reflections on the conditionality and non鄄necessity of generative history.
Rethinking the methodological foundations of Karl Marx’s historical sociology also
provides insights for historical sociology research oriented towards social theory.
Keywords: Karl Marx, historical sociology, historical deduction from production,
dialectics of phenomena in history
近年来,社会学的历史转向受到学界的广泛关注(成伯清,2015)。
重访处在发轫阶段的中国历史社会学的“古典根源”(孟庆延,2018;应
星,2018),在方法论的意味中重读经典社会学家,深挖其社会学思想的
“历史”向度,即目下所指的历史社会学经典传统(渠敬东,2015;卡尔博
格,2020;李荣山,2022;应星,2021),不仅有助于进一步澄清历史社会
学的源流,更提供了激活“经典”力量的钥匙。
在历史社会学的诸多源流中, 马克思的历史社会学因开创了一种
独到的认识传统而显得尤为重要。 一方面,它不仅是阶级分析法、事件
分析法的思想来源,还催生了 20 世纪历史社会学中国家研究和革命研
究的经典范式,并为理解作为文明的社会提供了极具穿透力的视角(史
密斯,2000;斯考切波,2007,2013;安德森,2000;严飞、曾丰又,2018;夏
莹、邢冰,2021)。 另一方面,马克思历史社会学中蕴含的对“历史”的思
考,也是理解其社会学思想的重要基础(王小章,2018)。 那么,应如何理
解马克思历史社会学认识的独特性?已有研究大体形成了两种解读。一
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