Page 158 - 《社会》2023年第2期

从臣民到市民：韦伯著作中的城市类型学、城市的动态演变与非正当性支配研究

（“authoritarian power of command”）， but has no bottom鄄up conceptional recognition
（“belief in legitimacy”）. This further threatens the stability of political order and
leads to a“crisis of legitimacy”. The solution lies on how to reintegrate“belief in
legitimacy”， however， at the same time， it needs to be based on real political
considerations to avoid the destruction of “everyday routine needs” caused by
excessive integration. The “charismatic dominance” favored by Weber and its two
evolution methods have different levels of limitations in solving the above鄄mentioned
“crisis of legitimacy”. This article examines Weber’s“non鄄legitimate domination”
through a typological comparison of the “uniqueness” of medieval western cities as
well as an analysis of burghers’ identity characteristics， life鄄work styles， political
demands， and participation in the legal process. It is found that“non鄄legitimate
domination” provides a bottom鄄up path unique to the Western civilization that preserves
“everyday routine needs”， and ultimately “through legal means of safeguarding
economic rights and interests， it applies the selective neglect of ‘authority’ to
achieve the stability of the order”. This provides a new possibility for the integration of
“belief in legitimacy” and the solution of “crisis of legitimacy”. In addition， this
paper provides a tentative interpretation of the concept of “non鄄legitimate
domination” through a review of Weber’s study of the “city”： the expression of a
“non鄄domination” of order within an order that has a tendency to dominate. 1
Keywords：non鄄legitimate domination， medieval city， burgher， the belief in legitimacy

一、 引言：现代政治秩序与“正当性危机”

现代社会“祛魅”（Entzauberung）进程的推进使得此前统摄所有社会
领域法则的宗教伦理被迫退场，社会诸领域内部的独立法则在理性化、
自觉追求和用“知识 ”加 以 升 华 的方 式 下 被油 然 意 识 到（韦伯，2009a：
455）。 其中，政治领域的独立伴随着必要“恶”的法则，这一法则有悖于
宗教伦理的“善”（韦伯，2010b：318）。 对于现代政治的主要参与者———
国家而言，其“恶”的法则表现为：国家必须通过暴力手段来维系自身对
内对外的绝对权力支配，这种手段服务于“国家理由”。 这一情形下，国
家的存在本身就是目的（韦伯，2010b：318），现代国家这一状态的存在

1. 本文出现 的所有 韦伯文本关键词的英文翻译 均参 考 Economy and Society: An Outline
on Interpretative Sociology （Weber， 1978）这一版本。

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