Page 211 - 《社会》2021年第6期
P. 211

社会·2021·6

              topic in question were launched in two top sociological journals of the American
              Sociological Review and the American Journal of Sociology. This study reviews these
              debates and offers an in -depth theoretical investigation into the relationship between
              matching and exchange,and the premise of marriage exchange theory. In addition,we
              collect and analyze the data from the five waves of the China Family Panel Studies
             (CFPS)(2010 - 2018) on beauty 鄄 status exchanges and other forms of marriage
              exchanges in China. We found little evidence of beauty鄄status exchanges in Chinese
              marriages and even the well鄄assumed exchange of “woman’s beauty for man’s talent”
              lacks sound empirical support. However,there are ample evidences of exchanges among
              the four status factors of education,occupation,income,and family background. As
              indicators of socioeconomic status,these four variables are homogeneous in nature,
              therefore can more easily substitute for one another. We argue that the validity of
              marriage exchange theory depends on the similarity or substitutability between the
              elements in exchange. Thus,we can neither completely accept nor reject marriage
              exchange theory.
              Keywords:marriage exchange theory,beauty鄄status exchange,matching,heterogamy






                一、引言

              “社会交换论”是当代社会学的主要理论流派之一,在数十年的理
           论 发 展 过 程 中 , 它 已 被 用 于 分 析 社 会 生 活 与 人 际 关 系 的 方 方 面 面
          ( Homans,1958;Blau,1964)。“婚姻交换论”就是用“社会交换论”来解释
           婚姻关系的产物。 该理论认为,婚姻的缔结过程涉及男女双方为满足最
           大效用而对有价资源进行的交换。 用古德( Goode,1970)的话来说,“所
           有的求爱体系都是市场或者交换系统”。 在具体研究中,“婚姻交换论”
           最早由戴维斯(Davis,1941)和莫顿(Merton,1941)提出。 他们认为,美国
           黑人与白人间的通婚更可能发生在社会经济地位较高的黑人与社会经
           济地位较低的白人之间,即存在所谓的种族—地位交换。 除此之外,男
           性工作能力与女性家务能力之间的交换( Becker,1991)和男性社会经济
           地位与女性外貌之间的交换(Elder,1969)也是现有研究讨论较多的婚
           姻交换现象。
               虽然“婚姻交换论”已被普遍用于解释各式各样的婚姻行为,但近


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