Page 224 - 《社会》2021年第4期
P. 224
社会养老保障能削弱传统生育偏好吗?
patriarchal system that has an everlasting and strong stand of “boy preference”. This
study examines the impact of old鄄age social security on the traditional birth preference
of Chinese urban and rural residents. The data is based on the four鄄phase survey of
CGSS2006, CGSS2010 , CGSS2012 and CGSS2013. The regression results show that
participation in basic social security pension scheme has significant effect on birth
preference. In summary, old鄄age social security can,(1)change people’s attitudes
toward traditional fertility values such as having sons for “old age security” and“carry鄄
on family name”;(2)reduce insecurity and dependency about old age among urban
residents;(3)improve the quality of daily life and resources for the elderly. However,
due to the household registration segregation and the social security expenditure
disparity between urban and rural areas, old age pension has less effect on the
traditional birth preference of rural residents. This study provides new insights into the
impact of social security on important traditional cultural values at individual levels with
a comparison between urban and rural residents.
Keywords:pension security,nurturing preference,urban鄄rural differences
一、引言
在儒家文化长期处于主流地位的中国,人们一直以来有着“多子多
福”“养儿防老”“孝敬父母”等观念。 父母将养老的期望寄托在子女身
上,子女在道义和法律上也有赡养父母的义务(郭 庆 旺 等,2007;石 智
雷,2015)。 同时,父权制在中国传统社会占据着统治地位,人们存在强
烈的男孩偏好。 男孩偏好与计划生育政策下趋于刚性的极限生育空间
相互作用,共同推动出生人口性别比上升,并长期在高位徘徊。 性别比
例失衡衍生出许多颇为严重的社会问题,如人口拐卖、天价彩礼、婚姻
挤压、光棍危机以及婚姻黑市(走私新娘)等。 随着“全面两孩”政策的
实施,很多学者认为,要解决我国出生人口性别比偏高的问题,最根本
的途径就是转变男孩偏好的生育观念。 刘俊 喆 (1983)曾探讨过农民养
老形式对生育的影响,他通过抽样调查发现,发展农村集体福利事业、
妥善解决老年农民养老问题对生育愿望的影响很大。 现代社会保障制
度,尤其是养老保障制度的建立和完善,对弱化男孩偏好至关重要。 健
全的社会养老保障制度可以部分替代家庭的养老功能, 合理分担老年
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