Page 39 - 《社会》2020年第6期

社会·2020·6

and the princes constituted the predecessor of modern parliaments. Therefore，as a
representative institution，it always retains the characteristics of aristocratic or elite
politics. Secondly，in the process of employing various commissaries to intervene in
local administration and judicial affairs，to combat the privileges of old estates，and to
achieve centralization，the absolute monarchies had turned the modern patrimonial
bureaucracy into a police state. In so doing it had also promoted the objectification of
office and the rationalization of administration，making patrimonial bureaucracy the
predecessor of modern bureaucracy. Since the 19th century，the parliamentary system
and the bureaucracy have been reorganized and adapted to the system of modern state
based on the principle of the separation of powers.
However，whether it was the transition from the patrimonial to the modern
bureaucracy， or the daily operation of the modern bureaucracy，the participation of the
leadership democracy was required. The latter，originated in the Greek city-states and
the medieval cities，was converged into the modern state-building through the Puritan
Revolution and the French Revolution. In the late 19th century，with the expansion of
universal suffrage and the increasingly bureaucratization of political parties，political
leaders who gained support from the people were able to go beyond the principle of the
separation of powers and exercise dictatorial authority. This poses a lasting challenge to
the parliamentary democracy and its concept of the rule of law. The tension between
these three factors has been driving the further transformation of the modern state.
Keywords：estates system，parliamentary system，bureaucracy，police state，leadership
democracy

一、韦伯社会学中的现代国家构建问题

根 据 韦 伯 在 1914 年 公 布 的 《社 会 经 济 学 大 纲》（Grundriss der
Sozial觟konomik）的目录，第一部“经济学基础”（Grundlagen der Wirtschaft）
的第三卷为《经济与社会》，该卷共分为两个分册。 其中，韦伯负责第一
分 册 ， 题 为 “经 济 与 诸 社 会 秩 序 和 权 力 ”（ Die Wirtschaft und die
gesellschaftlichen Ordnungen und M覿chte）； 门 格 尔 的 学 生 菲 利 波 维 奇
（ Eugen von Philippovich）负责第二分册，题 为“经 济 体 系 和 社会政 治 体
系及其理念的发展过程”。 韦伯负责的这个第一分册，也就是后来温克

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