Page 9 - 《社会》2026年第2期
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社会·2026·2
the con struction of his social world. Our research reveals that Zeng’s spiritual
pursuits and social activities were largely distinct from one another and rarely
intersected. We measure and analyze types of social groups with whom Zeng
interacted,the interaction patterns both within and between groups,and the
structural features of the social network centered on Zeng Guofan. While Zeng’s
two worlds remained distinct,his social world was structured by a“differential mode
of association”(差 序格局),a relational pattern that was dynamic and evolved over
time. By leveraging the depth of a case鄄study approach,this study makes two main
contributions. First,it develops a research approach of combining theoretical
insights and analytical concepts for examining individuals’ social worlds,a central
concern in sociology. Second,it proposes and demonstrates a set of empirical
strategies for operationalizing textual data drawn from diary and correspondence. We
hope this study will stimulate further research on the social worlds of scholar鄄
officials in Chinese history and their implications for understanding governance in
contemporary China.
Keywords:social world , differential mode of association , scholar 鄄 official , Zeng
Guofan,micro鄄sociology
一、 引言
在中国历史上, 士大夫在国家建构与社会建构的双重过程中均扮
演了重要角色。如钱穆( 1996)所说:“中国士人常以天下为己任,故其政
治组织亦以士人为中心。 ” 关于士大夫的历史角色和作用,已有研究数
量庞大。 士大夫集道统、政统和亲统于一身,在中国政治舞台、官僚体制
和基层社会诸多方面扮演了重要角色(阎步克,[1996]2015)。 因此,分析
士大夫的行动模式对于解读中国国家与社会建构的历史轨迹具有重要
意义。
周雪光( 2024a)提出,在中国历史上,传统宗法制度演变出多重的
制度路径,包括垂直的家产制与平行的差序格局。 在这一制度环境中
发展起来的士大夫,其精神世界和社会世界具有既关联又紧张的复杂
性。 以往的研究大多着眼于士大夫的精神世界,即儒教视角下经“修
身、齐家、治国、平天下”规训而来的生涯过程,特别是他们的著述言说
和官场行为(如奏折和官方角色),但这些研究很少涉及士大夫的日常
生活世界和社会交往活动。 其结果是,我们对士大夫日常生活中的社
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